Image courtesy of Mark Lincoln. Widespread liquefaction in the suburbs of Christchurch, as well as rock falls and slope/cliff instabilities in the Port Hills affected tens of thousands of residential buildings and properties, and shattered the lifelines and infrastructure over approximately one third of the city area. It started out quite summery, the 22nd February 2011. Liquefaction is when shaking or stess causes something like soil, sand or silt to act like liquid. This is my back yard after a 6.3 earthquake hit Christchurch on Monday 13 June 2011. Earthquake Maps – Observations from the 2010-2011 Canterbury earthquakes. About – How liquefaction occurs and its consequences. Liquefaction caused by the 2010–11 Canterbury earthquakes created large holes in streets around Christchurch. During the June 2011 aftershock, high levels (approx. Tokyo, Japan: One Year after 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake: International Symposium on Engineering Lessons Learned from the Giant Earthquake, 3-4 Mar 2012. Christchurch, New Zealand, brendon.bradley@canterbury.ac.nz ABSTRACT: In 2010 and 2011, the city of Christchurch (New Zealand) was hit by a sequence of strong, local and devastating earthquakes. 1 Nov, 2012 02:45 PM. The cathedral and many other old brick buildings were known to be vulnerable to shaking and some had been weakened by the magnitude 7 earthquake that struck more than 25 miles outside the city six months ago. The following movies are of flooding and sandblows from the February 2011 Christchurch NZ, 6.3 earthquake: The consequences to structures and utilities of earthquake-induced liquefaction include: 1) Non-uniform and differential settlement of structures often resulting in cracking. (b) June 13, 2011 flooded property in Aranui suburb. 3 000 buildings in total were inspected, of that total 45% were deemed unsafe and were given a yellow or red sticker. JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Impacts of Christchurch Earthquake. Misko Cubrinovski , a University of Canterbury geotechnical earthquake engineer, explains that liquefaction is the result of a solid medium – soil – turning into a fluid medium due to violent shaking. (2012) Liquefaction impacts in residential areas in the 2010-2011 Christchurch earthquakes. This issue has been thrust to the forefront, as a result of the devastating effects of liquefaction on the built environment in Christchurch, following the 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence. I wore ballet flats, a dress. New Zealand Herald (2011, February ) Christchurch earthquake: Levels of liquefaction 300-500 pc worse. The ground conditions of Christchurch including the depositional history of soils, their composition, age and groundwater regime are first discussed. 1. Liquefaction occurred here during both the Darfield (4 September 2010) and Christchurch (22 February 2011) Figure 1. 1. Accessed March 8, 2011. The earthquake struck the Canterbury region in New Zealand's South Island and was centred 6.7 kilometres (4.2 mi) south-east of the centre of Christchurch, New Zealand's second-most populous city. Liquefaction affected large areas of Christchurch because many suburbs are built on soft soils or sand. Liquefaction-induced flooding impacts. 2 g) of horizontal ground acceleration were recorded in parts of Christchurch city, and it was centred beneath the suburb of Sumner . John Clague, an expert in natural hazards at Simon Fraser University in British Columbia, said it was unclear what caused such serious damage to modern buildings, but said the answer could be the "liquefaction" of the ground when the shaking began. Tokyo, Japan: One Year after 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake: International Symposium on Engineering Lessons Learned from the Giant Earthquake, 3 … "When shaken, these sediments transform into a liquid, causing irregular settlement of the ground, which is extremely damaging to buildings and buried structures, like water lines.". Because of their strength and proximity to the city, the earthquakes caused tremendous physical damage and impacts on the people, natural and built environments of Christchurch. Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo Bulletin of ERS, No. 2013). Liquefaction is the process which causes soil to behave more like a liquid than a solid during an earthquake. (2002) with Boulanger Widespread liquefaction in a team organized by the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI) and the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) Center investigated the effects of the Christchurch earthquake. Characteristic liquefaction-induced damage to residential houses is then described focussing on the performance of typical house foundations in areas affected by liquefaction. Previous image | Gallery | The city of Christchurch experienced a major earthquake centred south of the city; severe damage and casualties occurred. ... but said the answer could be the "liquefaction" of the ground when the shaking began. Christchurch Earthquake - Car in Liquefaction. 1. Christchurch, February 22, 2011 earthquake anniversary: GNS scientists reflect on seismic event. However, the M w6.2, 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake was the most damaging event, due to the close proximity of its rupture plane to Christchurch, resulting in 185 fatalities and causing widespread lique- Understanding liquefaction vulnerability helps guide decisions about future land use and designing infrastructure and homes to manage risk. In Petobo village, Palu city, Central Sulawesin. The shaking rearranges sand and silt grains in wet soil underground and the water between the grains is squeezed. Liquefaction Lab – Experiment with different scenarios to see how these impact liquefaction damage. Cubrinovski was the major author of the New Zealand Geotechnical Society's guidelines for the identification, assessment and mitigation of liquefaction hazards, published in July last year. Earthquake maps showing observations from the 2010-2011 Canterbury earthquakes. ... "Liquefaction is a huge problem in Christchurch … Bexley was flooded with silt and water forced up through the weakened ground by liquefaction following the February 22, 2011, earthquake. Because the ground loses its rigidity, buildings can be shaken far more violently. In addition, the ground motions produced by the earthquakes were recorded by approximately 15 strong motion stations within (close to) the city boundaries providing and impressive wealth of data, records and observations of the performance of ground and various types of structures during this unusual sequence of strong local earthquakes affecting a city. Aside from the need to wade through fresh pools of murky liquefaction and bits of broken building - the temperature after the quake dropped dramatically. However, large-magnitude earthquakes cause damage in other ways: surface fault rupture, Clock. Prediction of Liquefaction-Induced Settlement Feb 2011 Christchurch Earthquake (highest quality LIDAR measurement of settlements) Predictions exhibit strong bias Underpredict small settlement; overpredict large settlement True regardless of triggering model and D r –q c1ncs correlation eg, Zhang et al. 1. Christchurch City Council. Introduction. Loose, sandy soils behave like a liquid as water is forced up to the surface. suburbs of Christchurch. During the Canterbury earthquakes of September 2010 and February 2011, liquefaction caused silt and fine sand to boil up and bury streets and gardens and caused buildings and vehicles to sink. During the Canterbury earthquakes of September 2010 and February 2011, liquefaction caused silt and fine sand to boil up and bury streets and gardens and caused buildings and vehicles to sink. "But even if they'd known about the fault, they wouldn't have been sure it would produce such strong shaking, so they might have still underestimated what actually occurred. Christchurch earthquake; earthquake damage; liquefaction; residential buildings; pipe networks, 40 - Engineering::4005 - Civil engineering::400506 - Earthquake engineering. 5,301 Views. If you have an earthquake that has a 90% chance of not being exceeded in 50 years, the authorities might say that's an acceptable risk, we can live with that. Sensitivity of predicted liquefaction-induced lateral displacements from the 2010 Darfield and 2011 Christchurch earthquakes, in Proc. Liquefaction occurs when soil loses strength and stiffness due to earthquake shaking. The city of Christchurch and some surrounding towns experienced widespread damage due to seismically induced liquefaction during the 2010–2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence (CES), beginning in 4 September 2010 with the M w 7.1 Darfield earthquake. On 22 February 2011, Christchurch experienced a severe earthquake resulting in much loss of lives, destruction … and liquefaction. The Liquefaction Lab from Christchurch City Council is a great new tool that maps liquefaction vulnerability in different areas. Some buildings will be written off and torn down, while others will be repairable or declared safe for immediate occupation. It proved a very poor wardrobe choice. About – How liquefaction occurs and its consequences. Multiple deterministic liquefaction evaluation procedures were applied to each of the site investigation methods available at each SMS location. Maurice Lamontagne, a seismologist at the Geological Survey of Canada, said: "What surprised me most was not seeing the damage to masonry buildings like the cathedral's bell-tower but to see new concrete buildings crumbling down. "You can't protect against everything, because it's simply too expensive. Three nearby accelerometers allow calibration between the geological expressions of liquefaction and the intensity of earthquake-induced surface ground motion at the site. M 6.2 Christchurch Tue, Feb 22 2011. GNS Science (2011, February 25) February 22nd earthquake in Christchurch. ", He added: "Experts have been surprised that the town itself has been hit.". Vulnerability Map – A map showing how liquefaction vulnerability varies across Christchurch. Jun 6, 2012 - Christchurch Earthquake mins after in my backyard, unbelievable Liquefaction features and the geologic environment in which they formed were carefully studied at two sites near Lincoln in southwest Christchurch. 3. The total economic loss caused by the 2010-2011 Christchurch earthquakes is currently estimated to be in the range between 25 and 30 The ground motions generated by this earthquake were intense and in many parts of Christchurch substantially above the ground motions used to design the buildings in Christchurch. Though the government supplied money for those who were fired, businesses that needed re … History. Jun 6, 2012 - Christchurch Earthquake mins after in my backyard, unbelievable Wed 23 Feb 2011 16.16 EST. U.S. Geological Survey (n.d.) Shake Map: South Island of New Zealand. Licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons. Fig. Severe damage from earthquake and liquefaction natural disasters. Other notable earthquakes in this sequence were the 22 February 2011 M w 6.2 Christchurch earthquake, and the 13 June 2011 … Detailed liquefaction maps illustrating the extent and severity of liquefaction across Christchurch triggered by the sequence of earthquakes including multiple episodes of severe re-liquefaction are next presented. Liquefaction repeatedly occurred, causing disruption to the city and recovery effort. Building damage to the central city and eastern suburbs of Christchurch. suburbs of Christchurch. Note that the sequence of earthquakes started to the west of the city and then propagated to the south, south-east and east of the city through a set of separate but apparently interacting faults. Earthquake Maps – Observations from the 2010-2011 Canterbury earthquakes. 1. General contextual maps about ground conditions across Christchurch such as land category, groundwater, surface elevation, historical or geomorphic features. Accessed March 8, 2011. In this extreme example, sand covered the road due to ground-surface subsidence and sand blows. The earthquake damage to modern buildings in Christchurch caught many experts by surprise and suggests the city was more prone to destructive tremors than local planners realised. 2013). You are invited to watch the webinar and read all questions given to the speaker, followed by his answers. Previous image | Gallery | The total economic loss caused by the 2010-2011 Christchurch earthquakes is currently estimated to be in the range between 25 and 30 A natural hazard, which Councils are now paying particular attention to, is liquefaction prone land. This paper focuses on the performance of potable water system of Christchurch during the 2010-2011 earthquakes and particularly examines the impacts of liquefaction on this pipe network during Google Scholar Liquefaction, sand volcanoes and vast quantities of grey sandy silt became the scourge of Christchurch on February 22, bubbling out of the ground during the … (a) General geology and active faults of the Canterbury region. 2013 Conference of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering (NZSEE 2013), 26–28 April, Wellington, New Zealand. 2010-2011 Christchurch earthquakes is estimated to be in the range between 25 and 30 billion NZ dollars (or 15% to 18% of New Zealand’s GDP). Much of the damage experienced in New Zealand during the 2011 Christchurch earthquake was caused by liquefaction. Had bare legs. The liquefaction affected 60,000 residential buildings (properties), large number of CBD buildings, and the lifelines and infrastructure over approximately one third of the city area. Details. 20 km of Christchurch (GeoNet, 2012), and up to ten of these larger events are known to have induced liquefaction (Quigley et al. Liquefaction is a process that temporarily turns firm ground into a liquid. A vulnerability map showing how liquefaction vulnerability varies across Christchurch. Introduction. Story. As shown in Figure 1, the causative faults of the earthquakes were very close to or within the city boundaries thus generating very strong ground motions and causing tremendous damage throughout the city. Led by Mary Comerio, UC Berkeley, and But newer buildings were constructed in line with recently improved regulations that were expected to protect them from the worst shaking the city might encounter. 22 February 2011 (M W 6.2), 13 June (M W 5.6 and M W 6.0 separated by 80 minutes), and 23 December 2011 (M W 5.8 and M W 5.9 separated by 80 minutes). The severity of the damage appears to be due to a combination of the earthquake coming from a previously unknown fault that runs beneath the city from the nearby Alpine fault, and the violence of the shaking because the city rests on damp sediments. Photograph: Christchurch Press/Reuters. 5. EERI Special Earthquake Report — May 2011 From February 22 to March 19, 2011, deaths. For instance, during the 2010-2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence (CES), in New Zealand, liquefaction-induced damage to buried cables resulted in service interruption of the telecommunication network. The earthquake caused widespread damage across Christchurch, killing 185 people in the nation's fifth-deadliest disaster. GNS Science New Zealand stated that this earthquake was technically an aftershock of the 2010 Christchurch earthquake. The findings support a report issued by the Environment Ministry which concluded that no Christchurch subdivision approved since 1977 took account of liquefaction. Liquefaction Damage, Christchurch, February 2011. Video: What is liquefaction? Officials will now inspect buildings and draw up an inventory of damage. The 22 February 2011 earthquake was particularly devastating. This car toppled into a hole near Shortland Street in the suburb of Aranui following the 22 February 2011 earthquake. The killer Christchurch earthquake, which claimed 185 lives 10 … A new interactive online tool will help people better understand how the ground may respond in an earthquake. The earthquake caused 182 fatalities, collapse of two multi-storey reinforced concrete buildings, collapse or partial collapse of many unreinforced masonry structures including the historic Christchurch Cathedral. Some features of this site may not work without it. "Sink holes and liquefaction North New Brighton Feb 2011" by Martin Luff - Flickr: Sink holes and liquefaction North New Brighton. Finally, the characteristics of Christchurch liquefaction and its impacts on built environment are discussed in relation to the liquefaction-induced damage in Japan during the 11 March 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. This paper focuses on the performance of potable water system of Christchurch during the 2010-2011 earthquakes and particularly examines the impacts of liquefaction on this pipe network during Liquefaction Lab – Experiment with different scenarios to see how these impact liquefaction damage. The 2011 earthquakes in Christchurch, New Zealand were devastating in many ways, liquefaction being one of them. Liquefaction lapped the salon door and holes in the road had to be dodged when driving. The image has multi-spectral bands with approximately 2 m spatial resolution in addition to the panchromatic band with approximately 50 cm spatial resolution. 5. 45 (2012) REPEATED LIQUEFACTION OBSERVED DURING THE 2010-2011 CANTERBURY EARTHQUAKES Takashi KIYOTA1, Suguru YAMADA2 and Yasuyo HOSONO3 ABSTRACT: Christchurch city in New Zealand suffered from two big aftershocks of the 2010 Darfield earthquake that is main shock of so-called Canterbury … "New Zealand has excellent earthquake standards in its building codes, but those standards were much more stringent on the Alpine fault to the west of Christchurch than in the city, where secondary faults are poorly known. ", Damp sediments under Christchurch made tremor more violent, Survivors are taken from a modern building damaged by Tuesday's earthquake in Christchurch. 3 minutes to read. Liquefaction impacts on the potable water system of Christchurch is also briefly summarized including correlation between the damage to the system, liquefaction severity, and the performance of different pipe materials. Introduction. (2012) Liquefaction impacts in residential areas in the 2010-2011 Christchurch earthquakes. Continuous observational monitoring of a study site in eastern Christchurch, New Zealand, following the 2010 M w 7.1 Darfield earthquake has recorded ten distinct liquefaction episodes in the mainshock–aftershock sequence. After each major earthquake, comprehensive field investigations and inspections were conducted to document the liquefaction-induced land damage, lateral spreading displacements and their impacts on buildings and infrastructure. 2010-2011 Christchurch earthquakes is estimated to be in the range between 25 and 30 billion NZ dollars (or 15% to 18% of New Zealand’s GDP). ... liquefaction occurred in many parts of Christchurch. EERI Special Earthquake Report — May 2011 From February 22 to March 19, 2011, deaths. The Christchurch suburb of Bexley is flooded with silt and water forced up through the weakened ground by liquefaction following the 22 February 2011 earthquake. Accessed March 8, 2011. On 22 February 2011, Christchurch experienced a severe earthquake resulting in much loss of lives, destruction … and liquefaction. However, the M w6.2, 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake was the most damaging event, due to the close proximity of its rupture plane to Christchurch, resulting in 185 fatalities and causing widespread lique- 2011 Christchurch earthquake was probably an aftershock of the Christchurch earthquake which occurred on the 4th of September which had a magnitude of 7.1. The process, which ejects water, sand and silt, has affected roughly half of Christchurch since September, with some areas inundated four times. Licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons. Liquefaction occurred here during both the Darfield (4 September 2010) and Christchurch (22 February 2011) Figure 1. Impacts on the local environments (a) General geology and active faults of the Canterbury region. 2 General geologic profile of shallow Christchurch soils indicating thickness of recent alluvial soils and water table depth along an east-west cross section (indicated in Figure 1) - "Liquefaction impacts in residential areas in the 2010-2011 Christchurch earthquakes" 22 February 2011 (M W 6.2), 13 June (M W 5.6 and M W 6.0 separated by 80 minutes), and 23 December 2011 (M W 5.8 and M W 5.9 separated by 80 minutes). July 28, 2020. Watch the Webinar anytime you want! Misko Cubrinovski , a University of Canterbury geotechnical earthquake engineer, explains that liquefaction is the result of a solid medium – soil – turning into a fluid medium due to violent shaking. Liquefaction caused by the 2010–11 Canterbury earthquakes created large holes in streets around Christchurch. damaged by liquefaction during the 2011 Christchurch, New Zealand, earthquake. Vulnerability Map – A map showing how liquefaction vulnerability varies across Christchurch. A Mw6.2 (ML6.3) earthquake occurred in Christchurch on Tuesday 22 February 2011 at 12:51 p.m. local time (23:51 UTC, 21 February). On February 22, 2011, Christchurch experienced a severe earthquake resulting in much loss of lives, destruction … and liquefaction. In total, the 'rehabilitation' costs $15.1 billion dollars worth of damage, Many businesses needed to fire employees due to the heavy re-building fee. This car toppled into a hole near Shortland Street in the suburb of Aranui following the 22 February 2011 earthquake. Building damage to the central city and eastern suburbs of Christchurch. The Central Business District (CBD) of Christchurch, which is the central heart of the city just east of Hagley Park, was practically lost with majority of its 3,000 buildings being damaged beyond repair. Calculations were performed using the geometric mean of the horizontal PGA recorded at each SMS for the M w 7.1 2010 Darfield earthquake and the M w 6.2 2011 Christchurch earthquake. In 2010 and 2011, Christchurch (New Zealand) was hit by a series of strong earthquakes that included four major events of moment magnitudes M w 5.9 to M w 7.1 (Canterbury Earthquake Sequence, CES). In the period between September 2010 and December 2011, Christchurch (New Zealand) and its surroundings were hit by a series of strong earthquakes including six significant events, all generated by local faults in proximity to the city: 4 September 2010 (Mw=7.1), 22 February 2011 (Mw=6.2), 13 June 2011 (Mw=5.3 and Mw=6.0) and 23 December 2011 (M=5.8 and (M=5.9) earthquakes. Cubrinovski, M., Henderson, D., Bradley, B.A. The city of Christchurch and some surrounding towns experienced widespread damage due to seismically induced liquefaction during the 2010–2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence (CES), beginning in 4 September 2010 with the M w 7.1 Darfield earthquake. Led by Mary Comerio, UC Berkeley, and "Sink holes and liquefaction North New Brighton Feb 2011" by Martin Luff - Flickr: Sink holes and liquefaction North New Brighton. Technical. (a) Feb 22, 2011 flooded street in Aranui suburb. Most earthquake damage is caused by ground shaking. Video: Soil liquefaction: Dr. Ellen Rathje uses a model to demonstrate and explain soil liquefaction. Title: Impacts of Liquefaction in the 2010-2011 Christchurch Earthquakes Launching Date & Time: 15 April 2015 12:00 pm GMT . Liquefaction is a well known natural process in Christchurch following the 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquakes. Liquefaction Damage, Christchurch, February 2011. Other notable earthquakes in this sequence were the 22 February 2011 M w 6.2 Christchurch earthquake, and the 13 June 2011 … The liquefaction affected 60,000 residential buildings (properties), large number of CBD buildings, and the lifelines and infrastructure over approximately one third of the city area. Christchurch is shaken to pieces by the latest and most devastating. Widespread and very severe liquefaction affected many of the city suburbs and its central business district. Christchurch, February 22, 2011 earthquake anniversary: GNS scientists reflect on seismic event. More recently soil liquefaction was largely responsible for extensive damage to residential properties in the eastern suburbs and satellite townships of Christchurch, New Zealand during the 2010 Canterbury earthquake and more extensively again following the Christchurch earthquakes that followed in early and mid-2011. This paper discusses the liquefaction in residential areas and focuses on its impacts on dwellings (residential houses) and potable water system in the Christchurch suburbs. Widespread liquefaction in a team organized by the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI) and the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) Center investigated the effects of the Christchurch earthquake. "It's clear that the New Zealanders rather underestimated the shaking that Christchurch could sustain," said Roger Musson, a seismologist at the British Geological Survey. This paper Christchurch is shown as a lighter colour area, and its Central Business District (CBD) is marked with a white square area in the figure. Cubrinovski, M., Henderson, D., Bradley, B.A. 24 February 2011 - Christchurch, New Zealand. In this study, multispectral satellite imagery after the February 22, 2011, Christchurch earthquake has been used to identify liquefaction occurrence following the event.